Self-Aligned Double Spacer Patterning Process

ABSTRACT

A method includes forming a mask layer over a target layer. A merge cut feature is formed in the mask layer. A first mandrel layer is formed over the mask layer and the merge cut feature. The first mandrel layer is patterned to form first openings therein. First spacers are formed on sidewalls of the first openings. The first openings are filled with a dielectric material to form plugs. The first mandrel layer is patterned to remove portions of the first mandrel layer interposed between adjacent first spacers. The merge cut feature is patterned using the first spacers and the plugs as a combined mask. The plugs are removed. The mask layer is patterned using the first spacers as a mask. The target layer is patterned, using the mask layer and the merge cut feature as a combined mask, to form second openings therein.

PRIORITY CLAIM AND CROSS-REFERENCE

This application is a continuation and claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/296,620, filed on Oct. 18, 2016, entitled “Self-Aligned Double Spacer Patterning Process,” which application is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

With the increasing down-scaling of semiconductor devices, various processing techniques, such as photolithography are adapted to allow for the manufacture of devices with increasingly smaller dimensions. However, as semiconductor processes require smaller process windows, the manufacture of these devices have approached and even surpassed the theoretical limits of photolithography equipment. As semiconductor devices continue to shrink, the spacing desired between elements (i.e., the pitch) of a device is less than the pitch that can be manufactured using traditional optical masks and photolithography equipment.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Aspects of the present disclosure are best understood from the following detailed description when read with the accompanying figures. It is noted that, in accordance with the standard practice in the industry, various features are not drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity of discussion.

FIGS. 1A-24B illustrate top and cross-sectional views of various intermediate stages of fabrication of a semiconductor structure in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 25 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of forming a semiconductor structure in accordance with some embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following disclosure provides many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of the invention. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. For example, the formation of a first feature over or on a second feature in the description that follows may include embodiments in which the first and second features are formed in direct contact, and may also include embodiments in which additional features may be formed between the first and second features, such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact. In addition, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various examples. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed.

Further, spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. The spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. The apparatus may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein may likewise be interpreted accordingly.

Embodiments will be described with respect to a method for patterning a target layer of a semiconductor structure by transferring multiple patterns to multiple mask layers over the target layer. In various embodiments described below, patterned mask layers are subsequently used to pattern the target layer. In some embodiments where the target layer is a dielectric layer (such as, for example, an inter-metal dielectric layer), the dielectric layer may be patterned to form interconnects therein. It should be noted that various embodiments described herein are not limited to forming interconnects in a semiconductor structure, but may be also used to form other structures having a reduced size and pitch. Various embodiments discussed herein allow for improving a mask patterning process window by overcoming film deposition topography issues due to dense/iso line-pattern environment.

FIGS. 1A-24B illustrate various intermediate stages of fabrication of a semiconductor structure 100 in accordance with some embodiments. FIGS. 1A-24B illustrate top and cross-sectional views, where an “A” figure represents a top view and a “B” figure represents a cross-sectional view along a B-B′ line of the respective “A” figure. Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, a portion the semiconductor structure 100 is illustrated. The semiconductor structure 100 may be an intermediate structure of an integrated circuit manufacturing process. In some embodiments, the semiconductor structure 100 may comprise a substrate 101. The substrate 101 may comprise, for example, bulk silicon, doped or undoped, or an active layer of a semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. Generally, an SOI substrate comprises a layer of a semiconductor material, such as silicon, formed on an insulator layer. The insulator layer may be, for example, a buried oxide (BOX) layer or a silicon oxide layer. The insulator layer is provided on a substrate, such as a silicon or glass substrate. Alternatively, the substrate 101 may include another elementary semiconductor, such as germanium; a compound semiconductor including silicon carbide, gallium arsenic, gallium phosphide, indium phosphide, indium arsenide, and/or indium antimonide; an alloy semiconductor including SiGe, GaAsP, AlInAs, AlGaAs, GaInAs, GaInP, and/or GaInAsP; or combinations thereof. Other substrates, such as multi-layered or gradient substrates, may also be used.

In some embodiments, one or more active and/or passive devices 103 (illustrated in FIG. 1B as a single transistor) are formed on the substrate 101. The one or more active and/or passive devices 103 may include various N-type metal-oxide semiconductor (NMOS) and/or P-type metal-oxide semiconductor (PMOS) devices, such as transistors, capacitors, resistors, diodes, photo-diodes, fuses, and the like. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the above examples are provided for the purpose of illustration only and are not meant to limit the present disclosure in any manner. Other circuitry may be also formed as appropriate for a given application.

In some embodiments, an interconnect structure 105 is formed over the one or more active and/or passive devices 103 and the substrate 101. The interconnect structure 105 electrically interconnects the one or more active and/or passive devices 103 to form functional electrical circuits within the semiconductor structure 100. The interconnect structure 105 may comprise one or more metallization layers 109 ₀ to 109 _(M), wherein M+1 is the number of the one or more metallization layers 109 ₀ to 109 _(M). In some embodiments, the value of M may vary according to design specifications of the semiconductor structure 100. In what follows, the one or more metallization layers 109 ₀ to 109 _(M) may also be collectively referred to as the one or more metallization layers 109. The one or more metallization layers 109 ₀ to 109 _(M), comprise one or more dielectric layers 111 ₀ to 111 _(M), respectively.

In some embodiments, the dielectric layer 111 ₀ is an inter-layer dielectric (ILD) layer, and the dielectric layers 111 ₁ to 111 _(M) are inter-metal dielectric (IMD) layers. The ILD layer and the IMD layers may include low-k dielectric materials having k values, for example, lower than about 4.0 or even 2.0 disposed between such conductive features. In some embodiments, the ILD layer and IMD layers may be made of, for example, phosphosilicate glass (PSG), borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG), fluorosilicate glass (FSG), SiOxCy, Spin-On-Glass, Spin-On-Polymers, silicon carbon material, compounds thereof, composites thereof, combinations thereof, or the like, formed by any suitable method, such as spin-on coating, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD), or the like.

In some embodiments, the dielectric layers 111 ₀ comprises conductive plugs 115 ₀, and the dielectric layers 111 ₁ to 111 _(M-1) comprise one or more conductive interconnects, such as conductive lines 113 ₁ to 113 _(M-1) and conductive vias 115 ₁ to 115 _(M-1), respectively. The conductive plugs 115 ₀ electrically couple the one or more active and/or passive devices 103 to the conductive lines 113 ₁ to 113 _(M-1) and the conductive vias 115 ₁ to 115 _(M-1). As described below in greater detail, multiple mask layers are formed and patterned over the dielectric layer 111 _(M). Subsequently, patterned masks are used to pattern the dielectric layer 111 _(M) to form openings for conductive lines 113 _(M) (not illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B, see FIGS. 24A and 24B) in the dielectric layer 111 _(M). The dielectric layer 111 _(M) may also be referred to as a target layer.

In some embodiments, the conductive plugs 115 ₀, the conductive lines 113 ₁ to 113 _(M-1) and the conductive vias 115 ₁ to 115 _(M-1) may be formed using any suitable method, such as damascene, dual damascene, or the like. The conductive plugs 115 ₀, the conductive lines 113 ₁ to 113 _(M-1) and the conductive vias 115 ₁ to 115 _(M-1) may comprise conductive materials such as copper, aluminum, tungsten, combinations thereof, or the like. The conductive plugs 115 ₀, the conductive lines 113 ₁ to 113 _(M-1) and the conductive vias 115 ₁ to 115 _(M-1) may further comprise one or more barrier/adhesion layers (not shown) to protect the respective dielectric layers 111 ₀ to 111 _(M-1) from diffusion and metallic poisoning. The one or more barrier/adhesion layers may comprise titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, tantalum nitride, or the like, and may be formed using physical vapor deposition (PVD), CVD, ALD, or the like. In an embodiment, the steps for forming the conductive plugs 115 ₀, the conductive lines 113 ₁ to 113 _(M-1) and the conductive vias 115 ₁ to 115 _(M-1) may include forming openings in the respective dielectric layers 111 ₀ to 111 _(M-1), depositing barrier/adhesion layers in the openings, depositing seed layers of a suitable conductive material over barrier/adhesion layers, and filling the openings with a suitable conductive material, for example, by plating, or other suitable methods. A chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is then performed to remove excess materials overfilling the openings.

Referring further to FIGS. 1A and 1B, an anti-reflective coating (ARC) 117 is formed over the dielectric layer 111 _(M), a first mask layer 119 is formed over the ARC 117, and a second mask layer 121 is formed over the first mask layer 119. A stack of layers comprising the ARC 117, the first mask layer 119, and the second mask layer 121 may also be referred to as a mask stack. As described below in greater detail, the mask stack is patterned to form a desired pattern in the mask stack. Subsequently, the pattern of the mask stack is transferred to the dielectric layer 111 _(M) to form openings in the dielectric layer 111 _(M) for conductive interconnects, such as conductive lines 113 _(M) (see FIGS. 24A and 24B).

The ARC 117 prevents radiation in subsequent photolithographic processes from reflecting off layers below and interfering with the exposure process. In some embodiments, the ARC 117 is a nitrogen-free ARC (NFARC) and is made of a silicon-rich oxide (SRO), silicon oxycarbide, the like, or a combination thereof, and is formed using CVD, PECVD, the like, or a combination thereof. The ARC 117 may be also used as an etch stop layer (ESL) to aid in patterning the first mask layer 119 and the second mask layer 121, and the ARC 117 layer may also be referred to an ESL 117. Alternatively, an ESL may be formed between the dielectric layer 111 _(M) and the ARC 117. In some embodiments, the ARC 117 may have a thickness between about 100 Å and about 500 Å.

In some embodiments, the first mask layer 119 may be a metal hard mask layer and the second mask layer 121 may be a dielectric hard mask layer. The first mask layer 119 may comprise titanium nitride, titanium oxide, the like, or a combination thereof, and may be formed using CVD, PVD, ALD, the like, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the first mask layer 119 may have a thickness between about 100 Å and about 500 Å. The second mask layer 121 may comprise tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), carbon-doped silicon oxide (SiCOH), SiO_(x)C_(y), the like, or a combination thereof, and may be formed using spin-on coating, CVD, ALD, the like, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the second mask layer 121 may have a thickness between about 100 Å and about 500 Å. In some embodiments, materials for the ARC 117, the first mask layer 119, and the second mask layer 121 are chosen such that the ARC 117, the first mask layer 119, and the second mask layer 121 have desired etch rates for subsequent patterning processes. As described below in greater detail, the second mask layer 121 is patterned by transferring multiple patterns to the second mask layer 121. The multiple patterns in the second mask layer 121 are subsequently transferred to the first mask layer 119.

Referring to FIGS. 2A and 2B, a first tri-layer mask 201 is formed over the second mask layer 121. In some embodiments, the first tri-layer mask 201 comprises a bottom layer 201 ₁, a middle layer 201 ₂ over the bottom layer 201 ₁, and a top layer 201 ₃ over the middle layer 201 ₂. In some embodiments, the bottom layer 201 ₁ may comprise an organic material, such as a spin-on carbon (SOC) material, or the like, and may be formed using spin-on coating, CVD, ALD, or the like. In some embodiment, a thickness of the bottom layer 201 ₁ may be between about 500 Å and about 2000 Å. The middle layer 201 ₂ may comprise an inorganic material, which may be a nitride (such as SiN, TiN, TaN, or the like), an oxynitride (such as SiON), an oxide (such as silicon oxide), or the like, and may be formed using CVD, ALD, or the like. In some embodiments, a thickness of the middle layer 201 ₂ may be between about 100 Å and about 400 Å. The top layer 201 ₃ may comprise an organic material, such as a photoresist material, and may be formed using a spin-on coating, or the like. In some embodiment, a thickness of the top layer 201 ₃ may be between about 500 Å and about 1500 Å. In some embodiments, the middle layer 201 ₂ has a higher etch rate than the top layer 201 ₃, and the top layer 201 ₃ is used as an etch mask for patterning of the middle layer 201 ₂. The bottom layer 201 ₁ has a higher etch rate than the middle layer 201 ₂, and the middle layer 201 ₂ is used as an etch mask for patterning of the bottom layer 201 ₁.

In some embodiments, the top layer 201 ₃ of the first tri-layer mask 201 is patterned to form an opening 203 in the top layer 201 ₃. The top layer 201 ₃ is patterned using suitable photolithography techniques. In some embodiments where the top layer 201 ₃ comprises a photoresist material, the photoresist material is irradiated (exposed) and developed to remove portions of the photoresist material. In some embodiments, the opening 203 has a width W₁ between about 30 nm and about 50 nm, and a length L₁ between about 60 nm and about 6000 nm.

Referring to FIGS. 3A and 3B, a patterning process is performed on the second mask layer 121 to transfer the opening 203 (see FIGS. 2A and 2B) in the first tri-layer mask 201 to the second mask layer 121. In some embodiments, the patterning process comprises one or more etching processes, where the first tri-layer mask 201 is used as an etch mask. The one or more etching processes may include anisotropic wet etching processes, anisotropic dry etching processes, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments where the second mask layer 121 is a dielectric hard mask layer, the second mask layer 121 is patterned by a dry etch process with etch process gases including O₂, CO₂, C_(x)H_(y)F_(z), Ar, N₂, H₂, HBr, Cl₂, He, the like, or a combination thereof. During the patterning process, the top layer 201 ₃, the middle layer 201 ₂, and the bottom layer 201 ₁ of the first tri-layer mask 201 may be consumed. If any residue of the top layer 201 ₃, the middle layer 201 ₂, and the bottom layer 201 ₁ of the first tri-layer mask 201 is left over the second mask layer 121 after the patterning processes, the residue may also be removed.

Subsequently, the opening in the second mask layer 121 is filled with a suitable insulating material to form a merge cut feature 301. Suitable insulating materials may include oxides (such as silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, SiCOH, SiO_(x)C_(y), TEOS, or the like), nitrides (such as SiN, or the like), oxynitrides (such as SiON, or the like), combinations thereof, or the like, and may be formed using spin-on coating, CVD, PECVD, ALD, the like, or a combination thereof. Portions of the insulating material overfilling the opening in the second mask layer 121 are removed to expose an upper surface of the second mask layer 121. In an embodiment, the portions of the insulating material are removed using a suitable etch process. Alternatively, the portions of the insulating material may be removed using a CMP process, a grinding process, the like, or a combination thereof. In the illustrated embodiment, the merge cut layer 301 has approximately same length as the opening 203 in the first tri-layer mask 201, and smaller width then the opening 203 in the first tri-layer mask 201 (see FIGS. 2A and 2B). The merge cut feature 301 may have a width between about 15 nm and about 30 nm, and a length between about 60 nm and about 6000 nm. As described below in greater detail, multiple mandrel layers (see FIGS. 4A and 4B) are formed over the second mask layer 121 and the merge cut feature 301. Multiple patterns are transferred to the mandrel layers. The merge cut feature 301 is then used to cut patterns formed in the mandrel layers, such that portions of patterns in the mandrel layers are not transferred to the second mask layer 121 and the first mask layer 119. In some embodiments, a material for the merge cut feature 301 is chosen such that the merge cut feature 301 has a desired etch selectivity with respect to adjacent layers, such as the first mask layer 119, the second mask layer 121, and a mandrel layer subsequently formed over the merge cut feature 301. In the illustrated embodiment, one merge cut feature 301 is formed in the second mask layer 121. In alternative embodiments, more than one merge cut features 301 may be formed in the second mask layer 121. In such embodiments, the process steps described with reference to FIGS. 2A-3B may be performed one or more times until desired number of merge cut features 301 are formed in the second mask layer 121.

Referring to FIGS. 4A and 4B, a first mandrel layer 401 is formed over the second mask layer 121 and the merge cut feature 301, a mandrel cap layer 403 is formed over the first mandrel layer 401, and a second mandrel layer 405 is formed over the mandrel cap layer 403. A stack of layers comprising the first mandrel layer 401, the mandrel cap layer 403, and the second mandrel layer 405 may also be referred to as a mandrel stack. The first mandrel layer 401 and the second mandrel layer 405 may comprise amorphous silicon, amorphous carbon, AlO_(x)N_(y), the like, or a combination thereof, and may be formed using CVD, ALD, the like, or a combination thereof. The mandrel cap layer 403 may comprise silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, SiCOH, SiO_(x)C_(y), TEOS, the like, or the combination thereof, and may be formed using spin-on coating, CVD, ALD, the like, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, materials for the first mandrel layer 401, the mandrel cap layer 403, and the second mandrel layer 405 are chosen such that the first mandrel layer 401, the mandrel cap layer 403, and the second mandrel layer 405 have desired etch rates for subsequent patterning processes. In some embodiments, the first mandrel layer 401 may have a thickness between about 300 Å and about 550 Å, the second mandrel layer 405 may have a thickness between about 200 Å and about 500 Å, and the mandrel cap layer 403 may have a thickness between about 100 Å and about 300 Å.

Referring further to FIGS. 4A and 4B, a second tri-layer mask 407 is formed over the second mandrel layer 405. In some embodiments, the second tri-layer mask 407 comprises a bottom layer 407 ₁, a middle layer 407 ₂ over the bottom layer 407 ₁, and a top layer 407 ₃ over the middle layer 407 ₂. In some embodiments, the bottom layer 407 ₁, the middle layer 407 ₂, and the top layer 407 ₃ of the second tri-layer mask 407 may be formed using similar materials and methods as the bottom layer 201 ₁, the middle layer 201 ₂, and the top layer 201 ₃ of the first tri-layer mask 201, respectively, described above with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B, and the description is not repeated herein for the sake of brevity. In some embodiments, a thickness of the bottom layer 407 ₁ may be between about 500 Å and about 2000 Å, a thickness of the middle layer 407 ₂ may be between about 100 Å and about 400 Å, and a thickness of the top layer 407 ₃ may be between about 500 Å and about 1500 Å.

The top layer 407 ₃ of the second tri-layer mask 407 is patterned to form openings 409 in the top layer 407 ₃ of the second tri-layer mask 407. In some embodiments, the top layer 407 ₃ of the second tri-layer mask 407 may be patterned using similar methods as the top layer 201 ₃ of the first tri-layer mask 201, described above with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B, and the description is not repeated herein for the sake of brevity. In some embodiments, a width W₂ of the openings 409 is between about 30 nm and about 5000 nm, a length L₂ of the openings 409 is between about 60 nm and about 80000 nm, and a distance D₁ between adjacent openings 409 is between about 35 nm and about 20000 nm. In the illustrated embodiment, two openings 409 are formed in the top layer 407 ₃ of the second tri-layer mask 407. In other embodiments, less than or more than two openings 409 may be formed in the top layer 407 ₃ of the second tri-layer mask 407.

Referring to FIGS. 5A and 5B, a first patterning process is performed on the second mandrel layer 405 to transfer the openings 409 in the second tri-layer mask 407 (see FIGS. 4A and 4B) to the second mandrel layer 405. The first patterning process forms openings 501 in the second mandrel layer 405. In some embodiments, the first patterning process comprises one or more etching processes, where the second tri-layer mask 407 is used as an etch mask. The one or more etching processes may include anisotropic wet etching processes, anisotropic dry etching processes, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the second mandrel layer 405 is patterned by a dry etch process with etch process gases including O₂, CO₂, C_(x)H_(y)F_(z), Ar, N₂, H₂, the like, or a combination thereof. Accordingly, the openings 501 in the second mandrel layer 405 have approximately same sizes and pitch as respective openings 409 in the top layer 407 ₃ of the second tri-layer mask 407 (see FIGS. 4A and 4B). During the first patterning process, the top layer 407 ₃, the middle layer 407 ₂, and the bottom layer 407 ₁ of the second tri-layer mask 407 may be consumed. If any residue of the top layer 407 ₃, the middle layer 407 ₂, and the bottom layer 407 ₁ of the second tri-layer mask 407 is left over the second mandrel layer 405 after the first patterning processes, the residue may also be removed. A pattern of the openings 501 may also be referred to as a line-A (LA) pattern. Accordingly, the photolithography process described with reference to FIGS. 4A and 4B may also be referred to as LA photolithography, and the etch processes described with reference to FIGS. 5A and 5B may also be referred to as LA etch.

Referring further to FIGS. 5A and 5B, a first spacer layer 503 is conformally formed over the second mandrel layer 405 and in the openings 501. Accordingly, a width and a length of the openings 501 are reduced by about two times a thickness T₁ of the first spacer layer 503. The first spacer layer 503 may comprise an oxide (such a silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, or the like), a nitride (such as SiN, titanium nitride, or the like), an oxynitride (such as SiON, or the like), an oxycarbide (such as SiOC, or the like), a carbonitride (such as SiCN, or the like), the like, or a combination thereof, and may be formed using, CVD, PECVD, ALD, the like, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the thickness T₁ of the first spacer layer 503 may be between about 100 Å and about 200 Å.

Referring to FIGS. 6A and 6B, the first spacer layer 503 is patterned to form first spacers 601 on sidewalls of the openings 501. In some embodiments, the first spacer layer 503 is patterned using an anisotropic dry etch process to remove horizontal portions of the first spacer layer 503 from an upper surface of the second mandrel layer 405 and bottoms of the openings 501. Portions of the first spacer layer 503 remaining on the sidewalls of the openings 501 form the first spacers 601. In some embodiments, the first spacer layer 503 is patterned by a dry etch process with etch process gases including Cl₂, O₂, C_(x)H_(y)F_(z), N₂, H₂, HBr, Cl₂, He, the like, or a combination thereof.

Referring to FIGS. 7A and 7B, a third tri-layer mask 701 is formed over the second mandrel layer 405 and the first spacers 601. The third tri-layer mask 701 comprises a bottom layer 701 ₁, a middle layer 701 ₂ over the bottom layer 701 ₁, and a top layer 701 ₃ over the middle layer 701 ₂. In some embodiments, the bottom layer 701 ₁, the middle layer 701 ₂, and the top layer 701 ₃ of the third tri-layer mask 701 may be formed using similar materials and methods as the bottom layer 201 ₁, the middle layer 201 ₂, and the top layer 201 ₃ of the first tri-layer mask 201, respectively, described above with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B, and the description is not repeated herein for the sake of brevity. In some embodiments, a thickness of the bottom layer 701 ₁ may be between about 500 Å and about 2000 Å, a thickness of the middle layer 701 ₂ may be between about 100 Å and about 400 Å, and a thickness of the top layer 701 ₃ may be between about 500 Å and about 1500 Å.

The top layer 701 ₃ of the third tri-layer mask 701 is patterned to form openings 703 in the top layer 701 ₃ of the third tri-layer mask 701, such that the openings 501 in the second mandrel layer 405 are protected by the third tri-layer mask 701. In some embodiments, the top layer 701 ₃ of the third tri-layer mask 701 may be patterned using similar methods as the top layer 201 ₃ of the first tri-layer mask 201 described above with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B, and the description is not repeated herein for the sake of brevity. In some embodiments, a width W₃ of the openings 703 is between about 30 nm and about 5000 nm, a length L₃ of the openings 703 is between about 60 nm and about 80000 nm, and a distance D₂ between adjacent openings 703 is between about 35 nm and about 20000 nm. In some embodiments, a width of the narrowed openings 501 is less than or equal to the distance D₂ between adjacent openings 703, such that the narrowed openings 501 are protected by the patterned third tri-layer mask 701. In the illustrated embodiment, three openings 703 are formed in top layer 701 ₃ of the third tri-layer mask 701. In other embodiments, less than or more than three openings 703 may be formed in top layer 701 ₃ of the third tri-layer mask 701.

Referring to FIGS. 8A and 8B, a second patterning process is performed on the second mandrel layer 405 to form openings 801 in the second mandrel layer 405. In some embodiments, the second patterning process comprises one or more etching processes, where the third tri-layer mask 701 and the first spacers 601 are used as a combined etch mask. The one or more etching processes may include anisotropic wet etching processes, anisotropic dry etching processes, or combinations thereof. Accordingly, a width of the openings 801 in the second mandrel layer 405 approximately equals to the distance D₁ between the openings 409 or the openings 501 (see FIGS. 4A-5B). During the second patterning process, the top layer 701 ₃, the middle layer 701 ₂, and the bottom layer 701 ₁ of the third tri-layer mask 701 may be consumed. If any residue of the top layer 701 ₃, the middle layer 701 ₂, and the bottom layer 701 ₁ of the third tri-layer mask 701 is left over the second mandrel layer 405 after the second patterning processes, the residue may also be removed. A pattern of the openings 801 may also be referred to as a line-B (LB) pattern. Accordingly, the photolithography process described with reference to FIGS. 7A and 7B may also be referred to as LB photolithography, and the etch processes described with reference to FIGS. 8A and 8B may also be referred to as LB etch.

Referring to FIGS. 9A and 9B, a fourth tri-layer mask 901 is formed over the second mandrel layer 405 and the first spacers 601. The fourth tri-layer mask 901 comprises a bottom layer 901 ₁, a middle layer 901 ₂ over the bottom layer 901 ₁, and a top layer 901 ₃ over the middle layer 901 ₂. In some embodiments, the bottom layer 901 ₁, the middle layer 901 ₂, and the top layer 901 ₃ of the fourth tri-layer mask 901 may be formed using similar materials and methods as the bottom layer 201 ₁, the middle layer 201 ₂, and the top layer 201 ₃ of the first tri-layer mask 201, respectively, described above with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B, and the description is not repeated herein for the sake of brevity. In some embodiments, a thickness of the bottom layer 901 ₁ may be between about 500 Å and about 2000 Å, a thickness of the middle layer 901 ₂ may be between about 100 Å and about 400 Å, and a thickness of the top layer 901 ₃ may be between about 500 Å and about 1500 Å.

The top layer 901 ₃ of the fourth tri-layer mask 901 is patterned to form an opening 903 in the top layer 901 ₃ of the fourth tri-layer mask 901. In some embodiments, the top layer 901 ₃ of the fourth tri-layer mask 901 may be patterned using similar methods as the top layer 201 ₃ of the first tri-layer mask 201 described above with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B, and the description is not repeated herein for the sake of brevity. In some embodiments, a width W₄ of the opening 903 is between about 30 nm and about 50 nm, and a length L₄ of the opening 903 is between about 60 nm and about 6000 nm. In the illustrated embodiment, the opening 903 overlaps with at least one of the first spacers 601 as viewed from top. As described below in greater detail, a portion of the first spacers 601 not protected by the fourth tri-layer mask 901 is removed to form a gap in the first spacers 601 (see FIGS. 10A and 10B), such that a width of the gap approximately equals to the width W₄ of the opening 903.

Referring to FIGS. 10A and 10B, a patterning process is performed on the first spacers 601 to remove the portion of the first spacers 601 not protected by the fourth tri-layer mask 901. The pattering process forms a gap 1001 in the first spacers 601. In some embodiments, the patterning process comprises one or more etching processes, where the fourth tri-layer mask 901 is used as an etch mask. The one or more etching processes may include anisotropic wet etching processes, anisotropic dry etching processes, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the first spacers 601 are patterned by a dry etch process with etch process gases including Cl₂, O₂, C_(x)H_(y)F_(z), N₂, H₂, HBr, Cl₂, He, the like, or a combination thereof. Accordingly, a width W₅ of the gap 1001 approximately equals to the width W₄ of the opening 903 in the fourth tri-layer mask 901 (see FIGS. 9A and 9B). During the patterning process, the top layer 901 ₃, the middle layer 901 ₂, and the bottom layer 901 ₁ of the fourth tri-layer mask 901 may be consumed. If any residue of the top layer 901 ₃, the middle layer 901 ₂, and the bottom layer 901 ₁ of the fourth tri-layer mask 901 is left over the second mandrel layer 405 after the patterning processes, the residue may also be removed. In the illustrated embodiment, one gap 1001 is formed in the first spacers 601. In alternative embodiments, a plurality of gaps 1001 may be formed in the first spacers 601. In such embodiments, the process steps described with reference to FIGS. 9A-10B may be performed one or more times until desired number of gaps 1001 are formed in the first spacers 601. As described below in greater detail, the first spacers 601 are used to form line-C (LC) patterns in the first mandrel layer 401. Accordingly, the photolithography process described with reference to FIGS. 9A and 9B may also be referred to as LC-cut photolithography, the etch processes described with reference to FIGS. 10A and 10B may also be referred to as LC-cut etch, and a pattern of the gap 1001 may also be referred to LC-cut pattern.

Referring to FIGS. 11A and 11B, a first patterning process is performed on the mandrel cap layer 403 and the first mandrel layer 401 to transfer the openings 501 and 801 in the second mandrel layer 405 and the gap 1001 in the first spacers 601 (see FIGS. 10A and 10B) to the mandrel cap layer 403 and the first mandrel layer 401. The first patterning process forms openings 1101 and 1103, which correspond to the openings 501 and 801, respectively, and forms a gap 1105, which corresponds to the gap 1005. Accordingly, the first patterning process transfers LA, LB, LC-cut patterns to the mandrel cap layer 403 and the first mandrel layer 401. In some embodiments, the first patterning process comprises one or more etching processes, where the second mandrel layer 405 and the first spacers 601 are used as a combined etch mask. The one or more etching processes may include anisotropic wet etching processes, anisotropic dry etching processes, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the mandrel cap layer 403 and the first mandrel layer 401 may be patterned using one or more dry etch processes with etch process gases including O₂, CO₂, C_(x)H_(y)F_(z), Ar, N₂, H₂, HBr, Cl₂, He, the like, or a combination thereof. Accordingly, the openings 1101 in the first mandrel layer 401 and the mandrel cap layer 403 have approximately same sizes and the same pitch as respective openings 501 in the second mandrel layer 405 (see FIGS. 10A and 10B). The openings 1103 in the first mandrel layer 401 and the mandrel cap layer 403 have approximately same sizes and the same pitch as respective openings 801 in the second mandrel layer 405 (see FIGS. 10A and 10B). The gap 1105 has approximately a same width as the gap 1005 (see FIGS. 10A and 10B). Each of the openings 1101 and 1103 exposes at least a portion of the second mask layer 121, while at least one of the openings 1101 and at least one of the openings 1103 expose respective portions of the merge cut features 301.

Referring to FIGS. 12A and 12B, after patterning the mandrel cap layer 403 and the first mandrel layer 401 to form the openings 1101 and 1103, the second mandrel layer 405 and the first spacers 601 are removed. In some embodiments, the second mandrel layer 405 and the first spacers 601 may be removed using one or more suitable etch processes, or the like. Subsequently, a second spacer layer 1201 is conformally formed over the mandrel cap layer 403 and in the openings 1101 and 1103. Accordingly, widths and lengths of the openings 1101 and 1103 are reduced by about two times a thickness T₂ of the second spacer layer 1201. In some embodiments, the second spacer layer 1201 fills the gap 1105. In such embodiments, the width of the gap 1105 is less than or equal to two times the thickness T₂ of the second spacer layer 1201. The second spacer layer 1201 may be formed using similar materials and methods as the first spacer layer 503, described above with reference to FIGS. 5A and 5B, and the description is not repeated herein for the sake of brevity. In some embodiments, the first spacer layer 503 and the second spacer layer 1201 are formed of a same material. In other embodiments, the first spacer layer 503 and the second spacer layer 1201 are formed of different materials. In some embodiments, the second spacer layer 1201 may have the thickness T₂ between about 100 Å and about 200 Å. In some embodiments, the thickness T₂ of the second spacer layer 1201 may equal to the thickness T₁ of the first spacer layer 503. In other embodiments, the thickness T₂ of the second spacer layer 1201 may be different from the thickness T₁ of the first spacer layer 503.

Referring to FIGS. 13A and 13B, the second spacer layer 1201 is patterned to form second spacers 1301 on sidewalls of the openings 1101 and 1103. In some embodiments, the second spacer layer 1201 may be patterned using similar methods as the first spacer layer 503 (see FIGS. 5A and 5B), described above with reference to FIGS. 6A and 6B, and the description is not repeated herein for the sake of brevity. The patterning process removes horizontal portions of the second spacer layer 1201 from an upper surface of the mandrel cap layer 403 and bottoms of the openings 1101 and 1103. Portions of the second spacer layer 1201 remaining on the sidewalls of the openings 1101 and 1103 form the second spacers 1301. Each of the openings 1101 and 1103 exposes at least a portion of the second mask layer 121, while at least one of the openings 1101 and at least one of the openings 1103 expose respective portions of the merge cut feature 301. In some embodiments, the patterning process of the second spacer layer 1201 exposes sidewalls of the mandrel cap layer 403.

Referring to FIGS. 14A and 14B, a plug layer 1401 is formed over the mandrel cap layer 403 and fills the openings 1101 and 1103 (see FIGS. 13A and 13B). The plug layer 1401 may comprise silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, SiCOH, SiO_(x)C_(y), TEOS, the like, or a combination thereof, and may be formed using spin-on coating, CVD, PECVD, ALD, the like, or a combination thereof. As described below in greater detail, the plug layer 1401 protects portions of the second mask layer 121 and portions of the merge cut feature 301 from further patterning steps.

Referring to FIGS. 15A and 15B, portions of the plug layer 1401 extending above upper surfaces of the second spacers 1301 are removed to expose the upper surfaces of the second spacers 1301. Portions of the plug layer 1401 remaining in the openings 1101 and 1103 form plugs 1501. Furthermore, the mandrel cap layer 403 is removed to expose an upper surface of the first mandrel layer 401. In some embodiments, the portions of the plug layer 1401 and the mandrel cap layer 403 are removed using one or more suitable etch processes. For example, the portions of the plug layer 1401 and the mandrel cap layer 403 may be removed using one or more dry etch processes with etch process gases including O₂, CO₂, C_(x)H_(y)F_(z), Ar, N₂, H₂, HBr, Cl₂, He, the like, or a combination thereof. In such embodiments, upper surfaces of the plugs 1501 are substantially level with or lower than the upper surfaces of the second spacers 1301. Alternatively, the portions of the plug layer 1401 and the mandrel cap layer 403 may be removed using a CMP process, a grinding process, the like, or a combination thereof.

Referring to FIGS. 16A and 16B, a fifth tri-layer mask 1601 is formed over the first mandrel layer 401, the second spacers 1301 and the plugs 1501. The fifth tri-layer mask 1601 comprises a bottom layer 1601 ₁, a middle layer 1601 ₂ over the bottom layer 1601 ₁, and a top layer 1601 ₃ over the middle layer 1601 ₂. In some embodiments, the bottom layer 1601 ₁, the middle layer 1601 ₂, and the top layer 1601 ₃ of the fifth tri-layer mask 1601 may be formed using similar materials and methods as the bottom layer 201 ₁, the middle layer 201 ₂, and the top layer 201 ₃ of the first tri-layer mask 201, respectively, described above with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B, and the description is not repeated herein for the sake of brevity. In some embodiments, a thickness of the bottom layer 1601 ₁ may be between about 500 Å and about 2000 Å, a thickness of the middle layer 1601 ₂ may be between about 100 Å and about 400 Å, and a thickness of the top layer 1601 ₃ may be between about 500 Å and about 1500 Å.

The top layer 1601 ₃ of the fifth tri-layer mask 1601 is patterned to form an opening 1603 in the top layer 1601 ₃ of the fifth tri-layer mask 1601. In some embodiments, the top layer 1601 ₃ of the fifth tri-layer mask 1601 may be patterned using similar methods as the top layer 201 ₃ of the first tri-layer mask 201 described above with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B, and the description is not repeated herein for the sake of brevity. In some embodiments, a width W₆ of the opening 1603 is between about 30 nm and about 5000 nm, and a length L₆ of the opening 1603 is between about 60 nm and about 80000 nm.

Referring to FIGS. 17A and 17B, a second patterning process is performed on the first mandrel layer 401 to selectively remove portions of the first mandrel layer 401 not protected by fifth tri-layer mask 1601 and form openings 1701 and 1701 c in the first mandrel layer 401. The openings 1701 and 1701 c expose portions of the second mask layer 121 and portions of the merge cut feature 301. In some embodiments, the patterning process comprises one or more etching processes, where the fifth tri-layer mask 1601 is used as an etch mask. The one or more etching processes may include wet etching processes, dry etching processes, or combinations thereof. For example, the first mandrel layer 401 may be patterned using a dry etch processes with etch process gases including O₂, CO₂, C_(x)H_(y)F_(z), Ar, N₂, H₂, HBr, Cl₂, He, the like, or a combination thereof. Accordingly, a length of the openings 1701 approximately equals to the length L₆ of the opening 1603 (see FIGS. 16A and 16B), and a width of the openings 1701 and 1701 c approximately equals to the thickness T₁ of the first spacer layer 503 (see FIGS. 5A and 5B). In an embodiment, the second patterning process may also remove top portions of the plugs 1501. During the second patterning process, the top layer 1601 ₃ and the middle layer 1601 ₂ of the fifth tri-layer mask 1601 may be consumed, such that the bottom layer 1601 ₁ of the fifth tri-layer mask 1601 remains over the first mandrel layer 401, the second spacers 1301 and the plugs 1501 after the second patterning processes. If any residue of the top layer 1601 ₃ and the middle layer 1601 ₂ of the fifth tri-layer mask 1601 is left over the bottom layer 1601 ₁ of the fifth tri-layer mask 1601, the residue may also be removed. A pattern of the openings 1701 may also be referred to as a line-C (LC) pattern. A pattern of the openings 1701 c may also be referred to as the LC pattern with a cut. Accordingly, the photolithography process described with reference to FIGS. 16A and 16B may also be referred to as LC photolithography, and the etch processes described with reference to FIGS. 17A and 17B may also be referred to as LC etch.

Referring to FIGS. 18A and 18B, a patterning process is performed on the merge cut feature 301 to selectively remove exposed portions of the merge cut feature 301. The patterning process exposes portions of the first mask layer 119. In some embodiments, the patterning process comprises one or more etching processes, where the bottom layer 1601 ₁ of the fifth tri-layer mask 1601, the plugs 1501 and the second spacers 1301 are used as a combined etch mask. In some embodiments, the exposed portions of the merge cut feature 301 are removed using, for example, a dry etch processes with etch process gases including O₂, CO₂, C_(x)H_(y)F_(z), Ar, N₂, H₂, HBr, Cl₂, He, the like, or a combination thereof, or any other suitable etchant that can remove the exposed portions of the merge cut feature 301 without damaging the second mask layer 121.

Referring to FIGS. 19A and 19B, the bottom layer 1601 ₁ of the fifth tri-layer mask 1601 is removed over the first mandrel layer 401, the second spacers 1301 and the plugs 1501. In some embodiments, the bottom layer 1601 ₁ of the fifth tri-layer mask 1601 is removed using an ashing process followed by a wet clean process. In other embodiments, other suitable process such as, for example, an etch process may be used to remove the bottom layer 1601 ₁ of the fifth tri-layer mask 1601. Subsequently, the plugs 1501 are selectively removed to expose portions of the second mask layer 121 and portions of the merge cut feature 301. In some embodiments, the plugs 1501 are removed using, for example, a dry etch processes with etch process gases including O₂, CO₂, C_(x)H_(y)F_(z), Ar, N₂, H₂, HBr, Cl₂, He, the like, or a combination thereof, or any other suitable etchant that can remove the plugs 1501 without damaging the second spacers 1301, the second mask layer 121, and the merge cut feature 301.

Referring to FIGS. 20A and 20B, a patterning process is performed on the second mask layer 121 to selectively remove portions of the second mask layer 121 that are not protected by the first mandrel layer 401 and the second spacers 1301. In some embodiments, the patterning process comprises one or more etch processes, where the first mandrel layer 401 and the second spacers 1301 are used as a combined etch mask. In some embodiments, the portions of the second mask layer 121 are removed using, for example, a dry etch processes with etch process gases including O₂, CO₂, C_(x)H_(y)F_(z), Ar, N₂, H₂, HBr, Cl₂, He, the like, or a combination thereof, or any other suitable etchant that can remove the portions of the second mask layer 121 without damaging the second spacers 1301 and the merge cut feature 301.

Referring further to FIGS. 20A and 20B, after patterning the second mask layer 121 and the merge cut feature 301, openings 2001, 2001 c, 2003, 2003 c, 2005 and 2005 c are formed in a combined layer comprising the second mask layer 121 and the merge cut feature 301. Each of the openings 2001 correspond to a respective opening 501 (see FIGS. 5A and 5B) and has the LA pattern. The openings 2001 c correspond to a same respective opening 501, a pattern of which was cut by not removing a portion 301 a of the merge cut feature 301. The openings 2001 c have the LA pattern with a cut. Accordingly, a width of a gap 2007 separating adjacent openings 2001 c approximately equals to the width W₁ of the merge cut feature 301. Furthermore, a width of the openings 2001 and 2001 c approximately equals to W₂-2T₁-2T₂, where W₂ is the width of the openings 501 or openings 409, T₁ is the thickness of the first spacer layer 503 (see FIGS. 5A and 5B), and T₂ is the thickness of the second spacer layer 1201 (see FIGS. 12A and 12B). Each of the openings 2003 correspond to a respective opening 801 (see FIGS. 8A and 8B) and has the LB pattern. The openings 2003 c correspond to a same respective opening 801, a pattern of which has been cut by not removing a portion 301 b of the merge cut feature 301. The openings 2003 c have LB pattern with a cut. Accordingly, a width of a gap 2009 separating adjacent openings 2003 c approximately equals to the width W₁ of the merge cut feature 301. Furthermore, a width of the openings 2003 and 2003 c approximately equals to D₁-2T₁-2T₂, where D₁ is the distance between adjacent openings 501, T₁ is the thickness of the first spacer layer 503 (see FIGS. 5A and 5B), and T₂ is the thickness of the second spacer layer 1201 (see FIGS. 12A and 12B). Each of the openings 2005 correspond to a respective opening 1701 (see FIGS. 17A and 17B) and has the LC pattern. Each of the openings 2005 c corresponds to a respective opening 1701 c. Accordingly, the openings 2005 c have the LC pattern with a cut. A width of a gap 2011 separating adjacent openings 2005 c approximately equals to the width W₅ of the gap 1001 (see FIGS. 10A and 10B). Furthermore, a width of the openings 2005 and 2005 c approximately equals to the thickness T₁ of the first spacer layer 503 (see FIGS. 5A and 5B), and a distance between adjacent ones of the openings 2001, 2001 c, 2003, 2003 c, 2005 and 2005 c is equal to the thickness T₂ of the second spacer layer 1201.

In some embodiments, the width W₂ of the openings 501, the distance D₁ between the adjacent openings 501, the thickness T₁ of the first spacer layer 503, and the thickness T₂ of the second spacer layer 1201 may be chosen such that the openings 2001, 2001 c, 2003, 2003 c, 2005 and 2005 c are formed to have desired widths and pitch. For example, in some embodiments where each of the openings 2001, 2001 c, 2003, 2003 c, 2005 and 2005 c has a width X and the openings 2001, 2001 c, 2003, 2003 c, 2005 and 2005 c have a uniform pitch 2X, the width W₂ is chosen to be about 5X, the distance D₁ is chosen to be about 3X, and the thicknesses T₁ and T₂ are chosen to be about X. In some embodiments, X may be between about 100 Å and about 200 Å.

Referring to FIGS. 21A and 21B, the first mandrel layer 401 and the second spacers 1301 are removed over the second mask layer 121 and the merge cut feature 301. The first mandrel layer 401 and the second spacers 1301 may be selectively removed using, for example, one or more suitable etch processes. In some embodiments, the first mandrel layer 401 may be removed using, for example, a dry etch processes with etch process gases including O₂, CO₂, C_(x)H_(y)F_(z), Ar, N₂, H₂, the like, or a combination thereof. The second spacers 1301 may be removed using, for example, a dry etch processes with etch process gases including Cl₂, O₂, C_(x)H_(y)F_(z), N₂, H₂, the like, or a combination thereof.

Referring to FIGS. 22A and 22B, a patterning process is performed on the first mask layer 119 to transfer the openings 2001, 2001 c, 2003, 2003 c, 2005 and 2005 c (see FIG. 21A and 21B) to the first mask layer 119. The patterning process forms openings in the first mask layer 119 that correspond to respective openings 2001, 2001 c, 2003, 2003 c, 2005 and 2005 c. The openings in the first mask layer 119 expose the ARC 117. In some embodiments, the patterning process comprises a suitable etch process, where the second mask layer 121 and the merge cut feature 301 are used as a combined etch mask. A suitable etch processes may include an anisotropic wet etching process, an anisotropic dry etching process, or combinations thereof. In some embodiment, the first mask layer 119 is patterned using, for example, a dry etch processes with etch process gases including Cl₂, O₂, C_(x)H_(y)F_(z), N₂, H₂, the like, or a combination thereof. Subsequently, the second mask layer 121 and the merge cut feature 301 are removed using, for example, a suitable etch process. In some embodiments, the second mask layer 121 and the merge cut feature 301 are removed using, for example, a dry etch processes with etch process gases including O₂, CO₂, C_(x)H_(y)F_(z), Ar, N₂, H₂, the like, or a combination thereof.

Referring to FIGS. 23A and 23B, a patterning process is performed on the ARC 117 and the dielectric layer 111 _(M) to transfer the pattern of the first mask layer 119 to the ARC 117 and the dielectric layer 111 _(M). The patterning process forms openings 2301, 2301 c, 2303, 2303 c, 2305 and 2305 c in the ARC 117 and the dielectric layer 111 _(M). The openings 2301, 2301 c, 2303, 2303 c, 2305 and 2305 c correspond to the openings 2001, 2001 c, 2003, 2003 c, 2005 and 2005 c, respectively (see FIGS. 21A and 21B). The openings 2301, 2301 c, 2303, 2303 c, 2305 and 2305 c expose portions of the conductive lines 113 _(M-1). In some embodiments, the patterning process comprises one or more suitable etch processes, where the first mask layer 119 is used as an etch mask. The one or more suitable etch processes may include anisotropic wet etching processes, anisotropic dry etching processes, or combinations thereof. The ARC 117 may be patterned by an etch process including etchants such as C₄F₈, N₂, O₂, Ar, the like, or a combination thereof.

The materials for the various layers described above may be selected to ensure sufficient etch selectivity between the layers. In an exemplary embodiment, the first mask layer 119 comprises titanium nitride, the second mask layer 121 comprises TEOS, the first mandrel layer 401 and the second mandrel layer 405 comprise amorphous silicon, the mandrel cap layer 403 comprises TEOS, and the first spacers 601 and the second spacers 1301 comprise titanium oxide, the merge cut feature 301 comprises Si_(x)N_(y), and the plugs 1501 comprise SiO_(x)C_(y)H_(z). In another exemplary embodiment, the first mask layer 119 comprises titanium oxide, the second mask layer 121 comprises SiO_(x)C_(y), the first mandrel layer 401 and the second mandrel layer 405 comprise AlO_(x)N_(y), the mandrel cap layer 403 comprises SiO_(x)C_(y), and the first spacers 601 and the second spacers 1301 comprise titanium nitride, the merge cut feature 301 comprises a glass, and the plugs 1501 comprise SiO_(x)C_(y)H_(z). These embodiments are only examples of possible combinations of the materials that may be used and the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to these particular embodiments.

Referring to FIGS. 24A and 24B, the openings 2301, 2301 c, 2303, 2303 c, 2305 and 2305 c (see FIGS. 23A and 23B) are filled with suitable conductive materials to form the conductive lines 113 _(M). The suitable conductive materials may include copper, aluminum, tungsten, combinations thereof, alloys thereof, or the like. The conductive lines 113 _(M) may further comprise one or more barrier/adhesion layers (not shown) to protect the dielectric layer 111 _(M) from diffusion and metallic poisoning. The one or more barrier/adhesion layers may comprise titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, tantalum nitride, or the like, and may be formed using PVD, CVD, ALD, or the like. In some embodiments, the steps for forming the conductive lines 113 _(M) may include depositing one or more barrier/adhesion layers on sidewalls and bottoms of the openings 2301, 2301 c, 2303, 2303 c, 2305 and 2305 c, depositing a seed layer of a suitable conductive material over the one or more barrier/adhesion layers, and filling the openings 2301, 2301 c, 2303, 2303 c, 2305 and 2305 c with a suitable conductive material, for example, by plating, or other suitable methods. Subsequently, excess conductive materials overfilling the openings 2301, 2301 c, 2303, 2303 c, 2305 and 2305 c are removed to expose a top surface of the dielectric layer 111 _(M). In some embodiments, the excess conductive materials may be removed using a CMP process, a grinding process, an etching process, the like, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the first mask layer 119 and the ARC 117 are removed before forming the conductive lines 113 _(M). In alternative embodiments, the first mask layer 119 and the ARC 117 are removed together with removing the excess conductive materials.

In some embodiments, the metallization layer 109 _(M) may be the last metallization layer of the interconnect structure 105 and formation of the metallization layer 109 _(M) completes formation of the interconnect structure 105. In other embodiments, the metallization layer 109 _(M) may be an intermediate metallization layer of the interconnect structure 105. In such embodiments, additional metallization layers are formed over the metallization layer 109 _(M) until the formation of the interconnect structure 105 is completed. In some embodiments, further processing steps may be performed on the semiconductor structure 100 after the formation of the interconnect structure 105 is completed. The further processing steps may include formation of contact pads and one or more passivation layers over the interconnect structure 105, formation of under-bump metallizations (UBMs) over the contact pads, and formation of connectors over the UBMs. Subsequently, the semiconductor structure 100 may be singulated into separate dies, which may further undergo various packaging processes.

FIG. 25 is a flow diagram illustrating a method 2500 of forming a semiconductor structure in accordance with some embodiment. The method 2500 starts with step 2501, where a mask layer (such as the second mask layer 121 illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B) is formed over a target layer (such as the dielectric layer 111 _(M) illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B) as described above with references to FIGS. 1A and 1B. In step 2503, one or more merge cut features (such the merge cut feature 301 illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B) are formed in the mask layer as described above with references to FIGS. 2A-3B. In step 2505, a first mandrel layer (such as the first mandrel layer 401 illustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B) is formed over the mask layer and the one or more merge cut features as described above with references to FIGS. 4A and 4B. In step 2507, a second mandrel layer (such as the second mandrel layer 405 illustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B) is formed over the first mandrel layer as described above with references to FIGS. 4A and 4B. In step 2509, the second mandrel layer is patterned to form first openings (such as the openings 501 illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B) therein as described above with references to FIGS. 4A-5B. In step 2511, first spacers (such as the first spacers 601 illustrated in FIGS. 6A and 6B) are formed on sidewalls of the first openings as described above with references to FIGS. 5A-6B. In step 2513, the second mandrel layer is patterned to form second openings (such as the openings 801 illustrated in FIGS. 8A and 8B) therein as described above with references to FIGS. 7A-8B. In step 2515, the first spacers are patterned to form one or more gaps (such as the gap 1001 illustrated in FIGS. 10A and 10B) therein as described above with references to FIGS. 9A-10B. In step 2517, the first mandrel layer is patterned to form third openings (such as the openings 1101 and 1103 illustrated in FIGS. 11A and 11B) therein as described above with references to FIGS. 11A and 11B. In step 2519, second spacers (such as the second spacers 1301 illustrated in FIGS. 13A and 13B) are formed on sidewalls of the third openings as described above with references to FIGS. 12A-13B. In step 2521, plugs (such as the plugs 1501 illustrated in FIGS. 15A and 15B) are formed in the third openings as described above with references to FIGS. 14A-15B. In step 2523, the first mandrel layer is patterned to form fourth openings (such as the openings 1701 and 1701 c illustrated in FIGS. 17A and 17B) therein as described above with references to FIGS. 16A-17B. In step 2525, the merge cut feature is patterned using the second spacers and the plugs as a combined mask as described above with references to FIGS. 18A and 18B. In step 2527, the plugs are removed as described above with references to FIGS. 19A and 19B. In step 2529, the mask layer is patterned using the second spacers a mask as described above with references to FIGS. 20A and 20B. In step 2531, the target layer is patterned using the mask layer and the one or more merge cut features as a combined mask to form fifth openings (such as the openings 2301, 2301 c, 2303, 2303 c, 2305, and 2305 c illustrated in FIGS. 23A and 23B) as described above with references to FIGS. 21A-23B. In some embodiments where the target layer is a dielectric layer, the fifth openings are filled with a conductive material as described above with reference to FIGS. 24A and 24B.

Various embodiments discussed herein allow for patterning a target layer of a semiconductor structure to form features having a reduced size and pitch. In some embodiments where the target layer is a dielectric layer, embodiments discussed herein allow for forming interconnects in the dielectric layer. Various embodiments further allow for improving a mask patterning process window by overcoming film deposition topography issues due to dense/iso line-pattern environment.

According to an embodiment, a method includes forming a mask layer over a target layer. A merge cut feature is formed in the mask layer. A first mandrel layer is formed over the mask layer and the merge cut feature. The first mandrel layer is patterned to form first openings therein, at least one of the first openings comprising a first portion, a second portion, and a third portion connecting the first portion to the second portion, a long axis of the first portion being parallel to a long axis of the second portion. First spacers are formed on sidewalls of the first openings. The first openings are filled with a dielectric material to form plugs. The first mandrel layer is patterned to remove portions of the first mandrel layer interposed between adjacent first spacers. The merge cut feature is patterned using the first spacers and the plugs as a combined mask. The plugs are removed. The mask layer is patterned using the first spacers as a mask. The target layer is patterned, using the mask layer and the merge cut feature as a combined mask, to form second openings therein.

According to another embodiment, a method includes forming a mask layer over a target layer, the mask layer comprising a first material. One or more merge cut features are formed in the mask layer, the one or more merge cut features comprising a second material different from the first material. A first mandrel layer is deposited over the mask layer and the one or more merge cut features. A second mandrel layer is deposited over the first mandrel layer. The second mandrel layer is etched to form a plurality of second mandrel portions. First spacers are formed on sidewalls of the plurality of second mandrel portions. The second mandrel layer is etched to remove the plurality of second mandrel portions. The first spacers are etched to form one or more gaps in the first spacers. The first mandrel layer is etched, using the first spacers as a mask, to form a plurality of first mandrel portions. Second spacers are formed on sidewalls of the plurality of first mandrel portions. Gaps between adjacent second spacers are filled with a dielectric material to form plugs. The plurality of first mandrel portions are selectively etched to expose first portions of the mask layer and first portions of the one or more merge cut features. The first portions of the one or more merge cut features are selectively etched. The plugs are selectively etched to expose second portions of the mask layer and second portions of the one or more merge cut features. The first portions and the second portions of the mask layer are selectively etched. The target layer is etched, using the mask layer and the merge cut feature as a combined mask, to form first openings therein.

According to yet another embodiment, a method includes depositing a dielectric layer over a substrate. A mask stack is deposited over the dielectric layer. One or more merge cut features are formed in a top mask layer of the mask stack. A mandrel stack is deposited over the mask stack. A top mandrel layer of the mandrel stack is etched to form first openings in the top mandrel layer. First spacers are formed on sidewalls of the first openings. The top mandrel layer is etched to remove portions of the top mandrel layer interposed between adjacent first spacers. The first spacers are etched to form one or more gaps in the first spacers. A bottom mandrel layer of the mandrel stack is etched, using the first spacers and the top mandrel layer as a combined mask, to form second openings in the bottom mandrel layer. Second spacers are formed on sidewalls of the second openings. Plugs are formed in the second openings. The bottom mandrel layer is etched to remove portions of the bottom mandrel layer interposed between adjacent second spacers. The one or more merge cut features are selectively etched using the second spacers and the plugs as a combined mask. The top mask layer is selectively etched using the second spacers as a mask. Unpatterned mask layers of the mask stack are etched using the top mask layer as a mask.

According to yet another embodiment, a method includes forming a mask layer over a target layer, the mask layer comprising a first insulating material and a second insulating material, the second insulating material being embedded in the first insulating material, the first insulating material being different from the second insulating material. A first mandrel layer is formed over the mask layer. The first mandrel layer is patterned to form first openings therein, at least one of the first openings exposing the second insulating material. First spacers are formed on sidewalls of the first openings. The first openings are filled with a third insulating material to form plugs. Portions of the first mandrel layer interposed between adjacent first spacers are removed. The second insulating material is patterned using the first spacers and the plugs as a combined mask. The plugs are removed. The first insulating material is patterned using the first spacers as a mask. The target layer is patterned using the mask layer as a mask to form second openings therein.

According to yet another embodiment, a method includes forming a mask layer over a target layer, the mask layer comprising a first insulating material and a second insulating material, the second insulating material being surrounded by the first insulating material, the first insulating material being different from the second insulating material. A first mandrel layer is formed over the mask layer. The first mandrel layer is etched to form a first opening therein, the first opening exposing the second insulating material. A first spacer and a second spacer are formed on opposing sidewalls of the first opening. The first opening is filled with a third insulating material. Portions of the first mandrel layer adjacent the first spacer and the second spacer are etched to expose an interface between the first insulating material and the second insulating material. The second insulating material is etched using the first spacer, the second spacer and the third insulating material as a combined mask. The third insulating material is removed. The first insulating material is etched using the first spacer and the second spacer as a combined mask. A pattern of the mask layer is transferred to the target layer.

According to yet another embodiment, a method includes forming a mask layer over a target layer, the mask layer comprising a first material and a second material different from the first material, the second material extending into the first material. A first mandrel layer is formed over the mask layer. The first mandrel layer is patterned to form a plurality of first mandrel portions. First spacers are formed on sidewalls of the plurality of first mandrel portions. Gaps between adjacent first spacers are filled with a third material. The plurality of first mandrel portions is removed to expose first portions of the first material and first portions of the second material. The first portions of the second material are removed. The third material is removed to expose second portions of the first material and second portions of the second material. The first portions and the second portions of the first material are removed. The target layer is etched to transfer a pattern of the mask layer into the target layer.

The foregoing outlines features of several embodiments so that those skilled in the art may better understand the aspects of the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they may readily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifying other processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/or achieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein. Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: forming a mask layer over a target layer, the mask layer comprising a first insulating material and a second insulating material, the second insulating material being embedded in the first insulating material, the first insulating material being different from the second insulating material; forming a first mandrel layer over the mask layer; patterning the first mandrel layer to form first openings therein, at least one of the first openings exposing the second insulating material; forming first spacers on sidewalls of the first openings; filling the first openings with a third insulating material to form plugs; removing portions of the first mandrel layer interposed between adjacent first spacers; patterning the second insulating material using the first spacers and the plugs as a combined mask; removing the plugs; patterning the first insulating material using the first spacers as a mask; and patterning the target layer using the mask layer as a mask to form second openings therein.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the mask layer over the target layer comprises: forming the first insulating material over the target layer; patterning the first insulating material to form one or more third openings in the first insulating material; and filling the one or more third openings with the second insulating material.
 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising planarizing the second insulating material, a topmost surface of the second insulating material being substantially level with a topmost surface of the first insulating material.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein patterning the first mandrel layer to form the first openings therein comprises: forming a second mandrel layer over the first mandrel layer; patterning the second mandrel layer to form third openings therein; forming second spacers on sidewalls of the third openings; removing portions of the second mandrel layer interposed between adjacent second spacers; removing portions of the second spacers; and patterning the first mandrel layer using the second spacers and the second mandrel layer as a combined mask.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein a width of the first spacers is different from a width of the second spacers.
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the first spacers and the second spacers have a same width.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the second openings have a uniform with and a uniform pitch.
 8. A method comprising: forming a mask layer over a target layer, the mask layer comprising a first insulating material and a second insulating material, the second insulating material being surrounded by the first insulating material, the first insulating material being different from the second insulating material; forming a first mandrel layer over the mask layer; etching the first mandrel layer to form a first opening therein, the first opening exposing the second insulating material; forming a first spacer and a second spacer on opposing sidewalls of the first opening; filling the first opening with a third insulating material; etching portions of the first mandrel layer adjacent the first spacer and the second spacer to expose an interface between the first insulating material and the second insulating material; etching the second insulating material using the first spacer, the second spacer and the third insulating material as a combined mask; removing the third insulating material; etching the first insulating material using the first spacer and the second spacer as a combined mask; and transferring a pattern of the mask layer to the target layer.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein forming the mask layer over the target layer comprises: depositing the first insulating material over the target layer; etching the first insulating material to form a second opening in the first insulating material; and depositing the second insulating material in the second opening and over the first insulating material.
 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising removing a portion of the second insulating material over the first insulating material to expose a topmost surface of the first insulating material.
 11. The method of claim 8, wherein etching the first mandrel layer to form the first opening therein comprises: forming a second mandrel layer over the first mandrel layer; etching the second mandrel layer to form second openings therein; forming third spacers on sidewalls of the second openings; etching portions of the second mandrel layer interposed between adjacent third spacers; and etching the first mandrel layer using the third spacers and the second mandrel layer as a combined mask.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the first mandrel layer and the second mandrel layer comprises a same material.
 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising, after etching the first mandrel layer, removing the third spacers.
 14. The method of claim 8, further comprising, after etching the first insulating material, removing the first spacer and the second spacer.
 15. A method comprising: forming a mask layer over a target layer, the mask layer comprising a first material and a second material different from the first material, the second material extending into the first material; forming a first mandrel layer over the mask layer; patterning the first mandrel layer to form a plurality of first mandrel portions; forming first spacers on sidewalls of the plurality of first mandrel portions; filling gaps between adjacent first spacers with a third material; removing the plurality of first mandrel portions to expose first portions of the first material and first portions of the second material; removing the first portions of the second material; removing the third material to expose second portions of the first material and second portions of the second material; removing the first portions and the second portions of the first material; and etching the target layer to transfer a pattern of the mask layer into the target layer.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein forming the mask layer over the target layer comprises: depositing the first material over the target layer; etching the first material to form one or more openings in the first material; depositing the second material in the one or more openings and over the first material; and etching the second material to expose a topmost surface of the first material.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein patterning the first mandrel layer to form the plurality of first mandrel portions comprises: forming a second mandrel layer over the first mandrel layer; patterning the second mandrel layer to form a plurality of second mandrel portions; forming second spacers on sidewalls of the plurality of second mandrel portions; removing the plurality of second mandrel portions; removing portions of the second spacers; and patterning the first mandrel layer using the second spacers as a mask.
 18. The method of claim 15, wherein removing the third material comprises selectively etching the third material.
 19. The method of claim 15, wherein removing the plurality of first mandrel portions further comprises recessing the third material.
 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising, after removing the first portions and the second portions of the first material, removing the first spacers. 